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c963f18c
Commit
c963f18c
authored
Jan 31, 2013
by
Adam Chlipala
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src/ProgLang.v
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c963f18c
...
...
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Set Implicit Arguments.
We
will
define
a
small
programming
language
and
reason
about
its
semantics
,
expressed
as
an
interpreter
into
Coq
terms
,
much
as
we
have
done
in
examples
throughout
the
book
.
It
will
be
helpful
to
build
a
slight
extension
of
[
crush
]
that
tries
to
apply
%
\
index
{
functional
extensionality
}%
functional
extensionality
,
an
axiom
we
met
in
Chapter
12
,
which
says
that
two
functions
are
equal
if
they
map
equal
inputs
to
equal
outputs
.
*
)
Ltac
ext
:=
let
x
:=
fresh
"x"
in
extensionality
x
.
Ltac
t
:=
crush
;
repeat
(
ext
||
f_equal
;
crush
)
.
Ltac
pl
:=
crush
;
repeat
(
ext
||
f_equal
;
crush
)
.
(
**
At
this
point
in
the
book
source
,
some
auxiliary
proofs
also
appear
.
*
)
...
...
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ Module FirstOrder.
Theorem
identSound
:
forall
G
t
(
e
:
term
G
t
)
s
,
termDenote
(
ident
e
)
s
=
termDenote
e
s
.
induction
e
;
t
.
induction
e
;
pl
.
Qed
.
(
**
A
slightly
more
ambitious
transformation
belongs
to
the
family
of
_
constant
folding_
optimizations
we
have
used
as
examples
in
other
chapters
.
*
)
...
...
@@ -176,11 +176,11 @@ Module FirstOrder.
Theorem
cfoldSound
:
forall
G
t
(
e
:
term
G
t
)
s
,
termDenote
(
cfold
e
)
s
=
termDenote
e
s
.
induction
e
;
t
;
induction
e
;
pl
;
repeat
(
match
goal
with
|
[
|-
context
[
match
?
E
with
Var
_
_
_
=>
_
|
_
=>
_
end
]
]
=>
dep_destruct
E
end
;
t
)
.
end
;
pl
)
.
Qed
.
(
**
The
transformations
we
have
tried
so
far
have
been
straightforward
because
they
do
not
have
interesting
effects
on
the
variable
binding
structure
of
terms
.
The
dependent
de
Bruijn
representation
is
called
%
\
index
{
first
-
order
syntax
}%
_
first
-
order_
because
it
encodes
variable
identity
explicitly
;
all
such
representations
incur
bookkeeping
overheads
in
transformations
that
rearrange
binding
structure
.
...
...
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ Module FirstOrder.
Lemma
liftVarSound
:
forall
t
'
(
x
:
typeDenote
t
'
)
t
G
(
m
:
member
t
G
)
s
n
,
hget
s
m
=
hget
(
insertAtS
x
n
s
)
(
liftVar
m
t
'
n
)
.
induction
m
;
destruct
n
;
dep_destruct
s
;
t
.
induction
m
;
destruct
n
;
dep_destruct
s
;
pl
.
Qed
.
Hint
Resolve
liftVarSound
.
...
...
@@ -275,11 +275,11 @@ Module FirstOrder.
Lemma
lift
'
Sound
:
forall
G
t
'
(
x
:
typeDenote
t
'
)
t
(
e
:
term
G
t
)
n
s
,
termDenote
e
s
=
termDenote
(
lift
'
t
'
n
e
)
(
insertAtS
x
n
s
)
.
induction
e
;
t
;
induction
e
;
pl
;
repeat
match
goal
with
|
[
IH
:
forall
n
s
,
_
=
termDenote
(
lift
'
_
n
?
E
)
_
|-
context
[
lift
'
_
(
S
?
N
)
?
E
]
]
=>
specialize
(
IH
(
S
N
))
end
;
t
.
end
;
pl
.
Qed
.
(
**
Correctness
of
[
lift
]
itself
is
an
easy
corollary
.
*
)
...
...
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ Module FirstOrder.
Lemma
unletSound
'
:
forall
G
t
(
e
:
term
G
t
)
G
'
(
s
:
hlist
(
term
G
'
)
G
)
s1
,
termDenote
(
unlet
e
s
)
s1
=
termDenote
e
(
hmap
(
fun
t
'
(
e
'
:
term
G
'
t
'
)
=>
termDenote
e
'
s1
)
s
)
.
induction
e
;
t
.
induction
e
;
pl
.
Qed
.
(
**
The
lemma
statement
is
a
mouthful
,
with
all
its
details
of
typing
contexts
and
substitutions
.
It
is
usually
prudent
to
state
a
final
theorem
in
as
simple
a
way
as
possible
,
to
help
your
readers
believe
that
you
have
proved
what
they
expect
.
We
do
that
here
for
the
simple
case
of
terms
with
empty
typing
contexts
.
*
)
...
...
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ Module HigherOrder.
]]
*
)
(
**
However
,
it
is
not
necessary
to
convert
to
first
-
order
form
to
support
many
common
operations
on
terms
.
For
instance
,
we
can
implement
substitution
of
one
term
in
another
.
The
key
insight
here
is
to
_
tag
variables
with
terms_
,
so
that
,
on
encountering
a
variable
,
we
can
simply
replace
it
by
the
term
in
its
tag
.
We
will
call
this
function
initially
on
a
term
with
exactly
one
free
variable
,
tagged
with
the
appropriate
substitute
.
During
recursion
,
new
variables
are
added
,
but
they
are
only
tagged
with
their
own
term
equivalents
.
Note
that
this
function
[
squash
]
is
parameterized
over
a
specific
[
var
]
choice
.
*
)
(
**
However
,
it
is
not
necessary
to
convert
to
first
-
order
form
to
support
many
common
operations
on
terms
.
For
instance
,
we
can
implement
substitution
of
terms
for
variables
.
The
key
insight
here
is
to
_
tag
variables
with
terms_
,
so
that
,
on
encountering
a
variable
,
we
can
simply
replace
it
by
the
term
in
its
tag
.
We
will
call
this
function
initially
on
a
term
with
exactly
one
free
variable
,
tagged
with
the
appropriate
substitute
.
During
recursion
,
new
variables
are
added
,
but
they
are
only
tagged
with
their
own
term
equivalents
.
Note
that
this
function
[
squash
]
is
parameterized
over
a
specific
[
var
]
choice
.
*
)
Fixpoint
squash
var
t
(
e
:
term
(
term
var
)
t
)
:
term
var
t
:=
match
e
with
...
...
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ Module HigherOrder.
Lemma
identSound
:
forall
t
(
e
:
term
typeDenote
t
)
,
termDenote
(
ident
e
)
=
termDenote
e
.
induction
e
;
t
.
induction
e
;
pl
.
Qed
.
Theorem
IdentSound
:
forall
t
(
E
:
Term
t
)
,
...
...
@@ -553,11 +553,11 @@ Module HigherOrder.
Lemma
cfoldSound
:
forall
t
(
e
:
term
typeDenote
t
)
,
termDenote
(
cfold
e
)
=
termDenote
e
.
induction
e
;
t
;
induction
e
;
pl
;
repeat
(
match
goal
with
|
[
|-
context
[
match
?
E
with
Var
_
_
=>
_
|
_
=>
_
end
]
]
=>
dep_destruct
E
end
;
t
)
.
end
;
pl
)
.
Qed
.
Theorem
CfoldSound
:
forall
t
(
E
:
Term
t
)
,
...
...
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ Module HigherOrder.
end
;
intuition
.
Qed
.
(
**
Now
we
are
ready
to
give
a
nice
simple
proof
of
correctness
for
[
unlet
]
.
First
,
we
add
one
hint
to
apply
a
standard
library
theorem
connecting
[
Forall
]
,
a
higher
-
order
predicate
asserting
that
every
element
of
a
list
satisfies
some
property
;
and
[
In
]
,
the
list
membership
predicate
.
*
)
(
**
Now
we
are
ready
to
give
a
nice
simple
proof
of
correctness
for
[
unlet
]
.
First
,
we
add
one
hint
to
apply
a
s
mall
variant
of
a
s
tandard
library
theorem
connecting
[
Forall
]
,
a
higher
-
order
predicate
asserting
that
every
element
of
a
list
satisfies
some
property
;
and
[
In
]
,
the
list
membership
predicate
.
*
)
Hint
Extern
1
=>
match
goal
with
|
[
H1
:
Forall
_
_
,
H2
:
In
_
_
|-
_
]
=>
apply
(
Forall_In
H1
_
H2
)
...
...
@@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ Module HigherOrder.
wf
G
e1
e2
->
Forall
(
fun
ve
=>
termDenote
(
First
ve
)
=
Second
ve
)
G
->
termDenote
(
unlet
e1
)
=
termDenote
e2
.
induction
1
;
t
.
induction
1
;
pl
.
Qed
.
Theorem
UnletSound
:
forall
t
(
E
:
Term
t
)
,
Wf
E
...
...
@@ -710,7 +710,7 @@ Module HigherOrder.
wf
G
e1
e2
->
forall
G
'
,
Forall
(
fun
x
=>
In
x
G
'
)
G
->
wf
G
'
e1
e2
.
induction
1
;
t
;
auto
6.
induction
1
;
pl
;
auto
6.
Qed
.
Hint
Resolve
wf_monotone
Forall_In
'
.
...
...
@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@ Module HigherOrder.
wf
G
e1
e2
->
forall
G
'
,
Forall
(
fun
ve
=>
wf
G
'
(
First
ve
)
(
Second
ve
))
G
->
wf
G
'
(
unlet
e1
)
(
unlet
e2
)
.
induction
1
;
t
;
eauto
9.
induction
1
;
pl
;
eauto
9.
Qed
.
(
**
Repackaging
[
unletWf
]
into
a
theorem
about
[
Wf
]
and
[
Unlet
]
is
straightforward
.
*
)
...
...
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